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Racial classifications in Spanish colonies in the Americas, ca. eighteenth century, courtesy of Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico. Racial classifications in Spanish colonies in the Americas, ca. eighteenth century, courtesy of Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico. By the end of the eighteenth century, sexual interactions and intermarriage between Europeans, Africans, and American Indians in Spanish colonies led to a large interracial population and wide range of recognized racial categories.

Map of the British Empire in America with the French and Spanish Settlements, map by Henry Popple, 1733, courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library.

"This is a white man's government," Democratic platform regarding the Reconstruction Acts, 1868, print by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, courtesy of Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.

reconstruction 1868.jpg

Frontispiece for Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, by Harriet Ann Jacobs, 1861, courtesy of Documenting the American South, UNC-Chapel Hill. Harriet Ann Jacobs(February 11, 1813 – March 7, 1897) was an African American writer who escaped from slavery in North Carolina. Her autobiography was one of the first published accounts of the struggles of female slaves and the sexual abuse they frequently endured under slavery.

Family of African Americans on Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina, ca. 1862, courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Family_of_African_American_slaves_Plantation_Beaufort_SC.jpg

Colored troops under General Wild liberating slaves in North Carolina, 1864, Harper's Weekly.

colored troops NC_rs.jpg

Harvesting sugarcane on a plantation in the Caribbean, drawing by Theodor Bray, ca. 1840-1860, courtesy of Tropenmuseum. Mortality rates for enslaved Africans were often exceptionally high on sugar plantations in the Caribbean and South America

Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg

Map of major regions where captives in trans-Atlantic slave trade disembarked, Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, courtesy of David Eltis and David Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, New Haven: Yale University Press 2010. The Caribbean and South America received ninety-five percent of the slaves arriving in the Americas. Some captives disembarked in Africa rather than the Americas because their trans-Atlantic voyage was diverted as a result of a slave rebellion or because of capture by patrolling naval cruisers after the trade was banned starting in the early nineteenth century. Less than four percent disembarked in North America, and only ten thousand in Europe.

Trent River settlement, North Carolina, 1866, Harper's Weekly.

trent river.jpg

"A New Description of Carolina," map of the proprietary English colony of Carolina, from John Speed, The Theater of the Empire of Great Britain, 1676.

1676_John_Speed_Map_of_Carolina_-_Geographicus_-_Carolina-speed-1676.jpg

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