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Local 15 union members at the Cigar Factory, Charleston, South Carolina, detail image from FTA News, March 1948, courtesy of South Carolina Historical Society.

FTA-CIO Local 15 union members at the Cigar Factory, Charleston, South Carolina, detail image from FTA News, March 1948, courtesy of South Carolina Historical Society.

"Star and Fish Gate," National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., image from Keeper of the Gate: Designs in Wrought Iron by Philip Simmons, Master Blacksmith, photograph courtesy of Division of Work and Industry, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

"KEVSCO gate" sketch, 293 King Street, Charleston, South Carolina, created by Philip Simmons, ca. 1995, Philip Simmons Collection,courtesy of the Avery Research Center.

Garden gate sketch ("Opening"), 91 Anson Street, Charleston, South Carolina, created by Philip Simmons, ca. 1995, Philip Simmons Collection,courtesy of the Avery Research Center.

"Liberty Square Wrought Iron Fence Panel" sketch (scale A), Concord Street, Charleston, South Carolina, design by Philip Simmons, ca. 1995, Philip Simmons Collection,courtesy of the Avery Research Center.

Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina, from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, December 1, 1860, The Charleston Museum Illustrated Newspapers Collection, courtesy of the Charleston Museum.

Fort Sumter, where the Echo Africans spent 25 days under federal jurisdiction in the summer of 1858.

The Echo Africans being transferred to the U.S.S. Niagara before their voyage to Liberia in September 1858, from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Charleston Museum Archives, Illustrated Newspapers Collection, courtesy of the Charleston Museum.

"Group of African Negroes on Board The Niagara.--From a sketch by our own correspondent," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, October 9, 1858, Charleston Museum Illustrated Newspapers Collection, courtesy of the Charleston Museum.

This image indicates the interest Charlestonians took in the Echo Africans. The illustrator invites us to compare "civilization" with "savagery", but by including the federal officer as the African's apparent ward, he also asks us to questions the…

"African Negroes On Board the Frigate Niagara," from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper,Charleston Museum Archives, Illustrated Newspapers Collection, courtesy of the Charleston Museum.

4. The correspondent of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper describes the Africans' transfer to the U.S.S. Niagara. Frank Leslie's was published in New York City and had a national audience. Its coverage of the Echo case indicates how sensational…

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