Mapping Recovery: The 1893 Hurricane and Black Sea Island Communities

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Credits and Further Reading

Hurricane Jim Crow

About the Author

Dr. Caroline Grego is a professor of U.S. History at Queens University of Charlotte in North Carolina. She teaches classes on the American South, the Atlantic World, and the climate crisis. Her academic interests include the history of labor, race and racism, and environmental history. Her book, Hurricane Jim Crow, was published in 2022 by the University of North Carolina Press. 

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Editorial Contributors

Robert Bland, University of Tennessee
Grace Cordial, Beaufort County Libraries

Acknowledgements

Thank you to LDHI graduate assistants Paige Little, Marisa Reel, and Kayla Blanchard for creating the map; and thank you to Marisa Reel for assisting with creating the gallery.

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FURTHER READING AND SOURCES


DIGITAL COLLECTIONS

Lowcountry Digital Library

Beaufort Hurricane of 1893 Photograph Collection held by the Beaufort County Library

Phosphate, Farms, and Family - The Donner Collection held by the Beaufort County Library

The Storm Swept Coast of South Carolina held by the Beaufort County Library

Library of Congress

Clara Barton Papers, 1863-1957: Relief Operations; Labor reports

Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Penn School Papers 



DIGITAL EXHIBITS FROM THE
LOWCOUNTRY DIGITAL HISTORY INITIATIVE

After Slavery: Educator Resources

After Slavery: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Emancipation Carolinas

African Passages, Lowcountry Adaptions 

Forgotten Fields: Inland Rice Plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry

Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South 



PRIMARY SOURCES

Barton, Clara. The Red Cross: A History of this remarkable international movement in the interests of humanity. Washington, D.C.: American Red Cross, 1898.

———. A Story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of Field Work. New York: D. Appleton, 1928.

Harris, Joel Chandler. “The Sea Island Hurricane: The Devastation.” Scribner’s 15, no. 2 (Feb. 1894), 229– 47.

———. “The Sea Island Hurricane: The Relief.” Scribner’s 15, no. 3 (Mar. 1894), 267– 84.

Johnson, Guion Griffis. A Social History of the Sea Islands, with Special Reference to St. Helena Island, South Carolina. 1st ed. 1930. Reprint, Chapel Hill: University of North




BOOKS AND ARTICLES

Ali, Omar H. In the Lion’s Mouth: Black Populism in the New South, 1886– 1900. Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2010.

Arnesen, Eric, ed. The Black Worker: A Reader. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

Baird, Keith E., and Mary A. Twining, ed. Sea Island Roots: African Presence in the Carolinas and Georgia. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1990.

Bland, Robert. “‘A Grim Memorial of Its Thorough Work of Devastation and Desolation’: Race and Memory in the Aftermath of the 1893 Sea Island Storm.” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 2 (2018): 297– 316. doi:10.1017/ S1537781417000846.

Daise, Ronald. Reminisces of Sea Island Heritage: Legacy of Freedmen on St. Helena Island. Orangeburg, S.C.: Sandlapper, 1987.

Fraser, Walter J. Jr., Lowcountry Hurricanes: Three Centuries of Storms at Sea and Ashore. Athens: Wormsloe, 2009.

Grego, Caroline. “Black Autonomy, Red Cross Recovery, and White Backlash after the Great Sea Island Storm of 1893.” Journal of Southern History 85, no. 4 (2019): 803– 40.

Grego, Carolina. "The Search for the Kayendo: Recovering the Lowcountry Rice Toolkit." American Historical Review 126, no. 3 (2021): 1165-83.

Kantrowitz, Stephen David. Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

Marscher, William and Fran. The Great Sea Island Storm of 1893. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2004.

Rowland, Lawrence S., and Stephen R. Wise. Bridging the Sea Islands’ Past and Present, 1893– 2006: The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 3. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015.

Wise, Stephen R., and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler. Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861– 1893. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015.